Liquids
Higher density, lower energy form
- Energy level is sufficiently high that substances diffuse through liquids easily and rapidly
Attractive forces between molecules or atoms enable liquids to cohere, but atoms or molecules are not bound to specific neighboring atoms or molecules
Most liquids are incompressible
- Liquids have densities nearly equal to those of corresponding solids
- Suggests that atoms or molecules in liquids are closely packed
- When liquids change to solids, their volumes usually decrease by 3 to 30%
Materials give off heat during the liquid to solid transformation; ²H of crystallization is usually 3–30% ²H of condensation